AvrPto, AvrPtoB
Shan et al., 2008 showed that AvrPto and AvrPtoB are type III effectors from Pseudomonas syringae strains that directly target the BAK1 receptor in order to repress BR signaling and PTI (PAMP-Triggered Immunity) signaling responses. When AvrPto and AvrPtoB bind to BAK1 this doesn't change the conformation of the receptor or phosphorylation, but instead blocks FLS2 or EFR from binding to BAK1 and induce PTI.
HopF2
Zhou et al., 2014 showed that HopF2 is a type III secretion effector from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst DC3000) that targets the BAK1 receptor as a means to suppress PTI responses.
Xoo2875
Yamaguchi et al., 2013 showed that Xoo2875, a type III secretion effector from Xanthomonas oryzae, targets OsBAK1, the analogous BAK1 receptor in rice. Xoo2875 essentially acts as a blocking mechanism in order to reduce basal defense responses, such a PTI (PAMP-Triggered Immunity).
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Signaling Pathway
Biosynthesis Pathway
BR signaling pathway: BR signaling is initiated by BR binding to BRI1, a LRR receptor kinase, that acts are the key BR receptor. This initiates a phosphorylation cascade that activates BIN2, a GSK3-like kinase. BIN2 regulates function of downstream transcription factors BRZ1 and BES2, which both regulate transcipriton of BR-regulated genes. Initial recognition of BR involves the co-receptor BAK1, which is negatively regulated by the membrane bout receptor BIK1. Formation of BAK1 to the BR-BRI1 complex activates BR-mediated defense responses. Arrows indicate positive interaction; blunt-end indicates negative interaction (inhibition).
BR biosynthesis pathway: The most bioactive form of BR in plants is BL, brassinolide, which is synthesized from the sterol precursor campesterol. Campesterol is converted to BL by enzymes DET2, DWF4, or CPD followed by an early or late C6 oxidation pathway leading to the formation of caster one. Castasterone is converted to BL by CYP85A2, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase Arrows indicate positive interaction; blunt-end indicates negative interaction (inhibition).
There are no current about pathogens targeting this pathway.
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